I Выпишите из Прил. 1 значения следующих слов, запомните их:
vary (v), increase (v), decrease (v), cool (v),alloy (n),value (n), degree (n), application (n), require (v), propose (v), ring (n), store (v), continue (v), remove (v), loss (n), occur (v), similarly (adv).
II. Выпишите из Прил.2 значения следующих терминов, эапомните их:
superconductivity coil (n)
memory cell induce (v)
winding (n) circuit (n)
Ш. Прочтите следующие интернациональные слова и дайте их русский эквивалент:
circulate (v), theory (n), computer (n), total (a), modern (a), transformer (n), ideal (a).
IV. Прочтите следующие слова, определите по суффиксу, какой частью речи они являются, переведите их:
vary (v) – variation – various – variable;
apply (v) – application – -applied – applying;
require (v) – requirement – -required – requiring;
continue (v) –continuity – continuous – continuously;
store- (v) – store (n) – storage;
occur (v) – occurrence;
induce (v) – induced – inducing – inductance – inductor;
similar (a) – similarly – similarity.
V. Прочтите и переведите следующие пары слов, учитывая, что префиксы in/un (im, il, ir ) указывают на отрицание качества, обозначенного прилагательным, например: logical – логичный, illogical – нелогичный:
definite – indefinite; perfect – imperfect; important – unimportant, regular – irregular, easy – uneasy, possible – impossible, variable – invariable.
VI. Прочтите и переведите следующие двухкомпонентные сочетания существительных N1+N2, учитывая, что перевод таких словосочетаний следует начинать с последнего слова, являющегося определяемым. Существительное, стоящее слева от него, является определением и переводится: а) существительным в родительном падеже; б) прилагательным; существительным с предлогом:
circuit operation – работа цепи;
line voltage – линейное напряжение, напряжение на линии;
memory cell, current flow, information storage, semiconductor material, switch contacts.
VII. Прочтите и переведите следующие микротексты, учитывая, что русскими эквивалентами являются: а) личные местоимения “он”, “она”, “оно”, заменяющие неодушевленные существительные; б) указательное местоимение “это”.
1. A switch is used in almost every circuit. Its purpose (цель) is to make complete (замыкать) or to break an electric circuit. When a circuit is switched on current will flow through it. When it is switched off it becomes an open circuit and the flow of current is stopped. 2. When a current flows through a conductor it may heat the conductor. The temperature of the conductor rises. A practical use of it is in electric heaters.
VIII. Прочтите и переведите следующие предложения, учитывая, что союз because переводится – “так как, поскольку”, а сочетание because of – “из-за”.
1. The practical applications of superconductivity are limited because the very low temperatures are required. 2. Copper is widely used in cables because it is a good conductor. 3. The conductivity is never perfect because of resistance to the flow of current in metals.
IX. Прочтите следующий текст, расскажите о возможных практических применениях сверхпроводимости.
SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
1. The resistance of metals varies with their temperature. When they get hot, their resistance increases. When they cool, their resistance falls. The resistance of some metals and alloys decreases as their temperature is lowered, then falls suddenly to a negligible (пренебрежимый) value at temperatures a few degrees above absolute zero (–273°C). In other words, these materials have almost no resistance to an electric current at very low temperatures. They become almost perfect conductors. This is called superconductivity. It occurs with certain materials, for example lead (свинец), and only at very low temperatures.
2. The practical applications of superconductivity are limited because of the very low temperatures required. A number of uses, however, have been proposed. If a current is induced by a magnetic field in a ring of superconducting material, it will continue to circulate when the magnetic field is removed. In theory it could be used in the memory cells of computers. Memory cells made of superconducting materials could store information indefinitely. Because of the zero resistivity of the cells, the information can be retrieved (извлекать) very quickly, as fast as 10–8 seconds.
3. Ninety per cent of the total losses in modern transformers are due to the resistance of the windings. Transformers could be made with windings cooled to the low temperatures at which superconductivity occurs. The resistance of the windings would be zero and the transformer would be almost ideal. Similarly a 100% efficient motor has been proposed using the magnetic field of superconducting coils.
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X. Замените подчеркнутые слова синонимами из текста.
1. The resistance of metals changes with their temperature. 2. The resistance of some metals and alloys falls when their temperature is lowered. 3. The practical applications of superconductivity are limited. 4. Superconductivity takes place at very low temperatures.